Introduction+(continued)

=== “Culture is the way in which a group of people solve problems and reconcile dilemmas (Trompenaars & Hampden-Turner, 1998, p.6).” ===

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Through time, issues that are solved, become part of the implicit knowledge of a group. They become part of a shared meaning that creates basic assumptions that the group depends upon to make meaning of its world. These filters of our culture are the lenses through which we see others and through which others see us.

// When we engage someone from a cultural background different than our own, we are no longer in a one to one exchange. Present are the generations from each culture that have created an invisible lens through which our perceptions and expectations have been formed (Bacon & Spear, 2003). These filters operate automatically and so it is important to develop a common language to create understanding between cultures. With a common language, we can better understand how our worldview and that of others may differ. // As you explore this handbook, keep in mind the following framework from Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner (1998) that will offer a tint to your cultural lens. It will give you the contrasts to make comparisons between your cultural perferences and that of others.

The Five Orientations that refer to relationships
1. Universalism vs. Particularism

What is right always applies vs. Friendship comes first

2. Individualism vs. Communitarianism

I regard myself as an individual first vs. I am primarily part of a group

3. Neutral vs. Emotional

Objective and detached vs. Expressive and emotional

4. Specific vs. Diffuse

Stick to the details of business vs. The relationship is important

5. Achievement vs. Ascription

Judged on accomplishments vs. Judged on birth status

Orientations To Time

 * 1) Looks to the Past
 * 2) Looks to Present
 * 3) Looks to Future

Orientation To Environment
The Individual is powerful vs. Nature is powerful